Dijital Çağda Dijital Pandemi: Türkiye’de Covid-19 Gündemi

Arif Yıldırım

doi:10.21645/intermedia.2020.87

Dijital Çağda Dijital Pandemi: Türkiye’de Covid-19 Gündemi

Arif Yıldırım

Abstract

Internet teknolojileri ile dijital çağda boyut atlayan toplumsal yaşam, dijitalleşen dünyada yeni bir kırılma noktasını ise Covid-19 salgını ile yaşamaktadır. 2019’un sonlarında Çin’in Wuhan eyaletinde başlayan ve daha sonra dünyanın tamamını etkisi altına alarak küresel bir karantina sürecine neden olan korona virüs, reel gündelik yaşamı dijitalleştirmeyi zorunlu kılmaktadır. Bu dijitalleştirme ile reel hayattaki sosyal etkileşim minimuma inerken dijital ortamdaki sosyal etkileşim miktarı ise maksimum seviyeye ulaşmıştır. Etkileşim yoğunluğunun dijital ortamda artması böylelikle reelin pandemisini dijital bir pandemiye dönüştürmüştür. Standart gündelik hayatın dijital olarak gerçekleştirilmesi ve küresel bir salgın krizinin yaşanıyor olması, dijital ortamda gündemi belirlerken oluşan bilgi havuzunun da güvenilirliğini zedelemektedir. Yeni normal olarak adlandırılan bu dönemin, Türkiye üzerinde de oldukça etkisi olmuştur. Bu araştırmada, korona virüs salgının Türkiye’de toplumsal açıdan yarattığı etkiler, Türk toplumunun Google aramaları ve Instagram hashtaglerine gösterdiği ilgi üzerinden gündem analizi yapılarak incelenmiştir. Bu inceleme, Türk halkının Covid-19 ve beraberinde gelen karantina sürecinde merak ettiği ve hakkında en çok konuştuğu konuların geneline belirli ölçütler ekseninde odaklanarak gerçekleştirilmiştir.

Full Text:

PDF

References

Abbas, A., Eliyana, A., Ekowati, D., Saud, M., Raza, A., Wardani, R., Data set on coping strategies in the digital age: The role of psychological well-being and social capital among university students in Java Timor, Surabaya, Indonesia. Data Brief 2020 Jun; 30:105583 doi: 10.1016/j.dib.2020.105583

Allem, J.-P., Ferrara, E., Uppu, S. P., Cruz, T. B., ve Unger, J. B., “E-Cigarette Surveillance With Social Media Data: Social Bots, Emerging Topics, and Trends,” JMIR Public Heal. Surveill., vol. 3, no. 4, p.e98, Dec. 2017, doi: 10.2196/publichealth.8641.

Article19, (2020) Viral lies: Misinformation and the coronavirus. Technical report. https://www.article19.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/Coronavirus-briefing.pdf.

Bail, C. A., et al., “Assessing the Russian Internet Research Agency’s impact on the political attitudes and behaviors of American Twitter users in late 2017,” Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., Nov. 2019, doi: 10.1073/ PNAS.1906420116.

Bessi, A. ve Ferrara, E., “Social bots distort the 2016 U.S. Presidential election online discussion,” First Monday, vol. 21, no. 11, 2016, doi: 10.5210/fm.v21i11.7090.

Boberg, S., Quandt, T., Schatto-Eckrodt, T., Frischlich, L., (2020) Pandemic populism: facebook pages of alternative news media and the corona crisis – a computational content analysis. arXiv e-prints:2004–02566. http://arxiv.org/abs/2004.02566

Bovet, A., ve Makse, HA., Influence of fake news in twitter during the 2016 us presidential election. Nature communications, 10(1):1–14, 2019.

Boyd, D., Golder, S., ve Lotan, G., (2010), “Tweet, tweet, retweet: Conversational aspects of retweeting on Twitter”, In 2010 43rd Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences, Los Alamitos, CA: IEEE Press, pp. 1-10.

Broniatowski, D., Paul, M. and Dredze, M., 2013. National and Local Influenza Surveillance through Twitter: An Analysis of the 2012-2013 Influenza Epidemic. PLoS ONE, 8(12), p.e83672.

Broniatowski, D.A., Jamison, A.M., Qi, S., AlKulaib, L., Chen, T., Benton, B., Quinn, C.S., ve Dredze, M., 2018: Wea ponized Health Communication: Twitter Bots and Russian Trolls Amplify the Vaccine Debate American Journal of Public Health 108, 1378_1384, https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2018.304567

Brown, D., What’s true about coronavirus? World Health Organization joins TikTok to share ‘reliable’ information. USA: USA Today; 2020.

Carroll, N., & Conboy, K. (2020). Normalising the “new normal”: Changing tech-driven work practices under pandemic time pressure. International Journal of Information Management, 102186. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2020.102186

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2020. Social Distancing URL: https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/prevent-getting-sick/social-distancing.html

Chakravorti, B., (2020) As coronavirus spreads, so does fake news. Bloomberg Opinion, 5 February. URL: www.bloomberg.com/opinion/articles/2020-02-05/as-coronavirus-spreads-so-does-fake-news

Chavez, N., Moshtaghian, A., CNN. 2020. 48 states have ordered or recommended that schools don’t reopen this academic year URL: https://www.cnn.com/2020/04/18/us/schools-closed-coronavirus/index.html

Chew, C. ve Eysenbach, G., 2010. Pandemics in the Age of Twitter: Content Analysis of Tweets during the 2009 H1N1 Outbreak. PLoS ONE, 5(11), p.e14118

Cinelli, M., Quattrociocchi, W., Galeazzi, A., Valensise, C. M., Brugnoli, E., Schmidt, A. L. ve Scala, A., (2020), “The covid-19 social media infodemic”, arXiv preprint arXiv:2003.05004.

Cruickshank, I.J., Carley, K.M., Characterizing communities of hashtag usage on twitter during the 2020 COVID-19 pandemic by multi-view clustering. Appl Netw Sci 5, 66 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/ s41109-020-00317-8

Del Vicario, M., Bessi, A., Zollo, F., et al. (2016) The spreading of misinformation online. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 113(3): 554–559.

Dünya Sağlık Örgütü (2020a) Novel Coronavirus(2019-nCoV). Situation Report 13, 2 February. URL: www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/situation-reports/20200202-sitrep-13-ncov-v3.pdf

Dünya Sağlık Örgütü (2020b) Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) advice for the public: Myth busters. URL: www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/advice-for-public/myth-busters

Dünya Sağlık Örgütü (2020c) Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV). Situation Report 18, 7 February. URL:www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/situation-reports/20200207-sitrep-18-ncov. pdf?sfvrsn=fa644293_2

Dünya Sağlık Örgütü (2020d). Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV). Situation Report 40, 29 February. URL: www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/situation-reports/20200229-sitrep-40-covid-19.pdf?s fvrsn=849d0665_2

Engelmann, I., Kloss, A., Neuberger, C. ve Brockmann, T. (2019), “Visibility through information sharing: The role of tweet authors and communication styles in retweeting political information on Twitter”, International Journal of Communication, Vol. 13 No. 2019, pp. 3569-3588.

Eysenbach, G., Infodemiology and infoveillance tracking online health information and cyberbehavior for public health. Am J Prev Med 2011 May;40(5 Suppl 2):S154-S158. doi: 10.1016/j.amepre.2011.02.006

Eysenbach, G., Infodemiology: The epidemiology of (mis)information. Am J Med 2002 Dec 15;113(9):763-765. doi:10.1016/s0002-9343(02)01473-0

Ferrara, E., (2020). What types of COVID-19 conspiracies are populated by Twitter bots?. First Monday, 25(6). https://doi.org/10.5210/fm.v25i6.10633

Ferrara, E., “Manipulation and abuse on social media,” ACM SIGWEB Newsl., no. Spring, pp. 1–9, Apr. 2015, doi: 10.1145/2749279.2749283.

Fischer, S., AXIOS. 2020. Social media use spikes during pandemic URL: https://www.axios.com/ social-media-overuse-spikes-in-coronavirus-pandemic-764b384d-a0ee-4787-bd19-7e7297f6d6ec.html

Glowacki, E. M., Lazard, A. J., Wilcox, G. B., Mackert, M. ve Bernhardt, J. M. (2016), “Identifying the public’s concerns and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s reactions during a health crisis: An analysis of a Zika live Twitter chat”, American Journal of Infection Control, Vol. 44 No. 12, pp. 1709-1711.

Hadden, J., Casado, L., Business Insider. Here are the latest major events that have been canceled or postponed because of the coronavirus outbreak, including the 2020 Tokyo Olympics, Burning Man, and the 74th Annual Tony Awards URL: https://www.businessinsider.com/major-events-cancelled-or-postponed-du e-to-the-coronavirus-2020

Hadden, J., Casado, L., Sonnemaker, T., Business Insider. 2020. Apple, Google, and Amazon are among the largest global companies who have restricted travel or asked their employees to work remotely as a precaution against the novel coronavirus. Here’s the full list URL: https://www.businessinsider.com/ companies-asking-employees-to-work-from-home-due-to-coronavirus-2020

Helsel, P., Yamamoto, A., NBC News. 10 coronavirus cases confirmed from cruise ship quarantined in Japan URL: https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/10-coronavirus-cases-confirmed-cruise-ship-quaranti ned-japan-n1130296

Hussain, W., (2020) The International Journal of Frontier Sciences. Role of social media in covid-19 pandemic 4:59–60. https://doi.org/10.37978/tijfs.v4i2.144

Kim, L., Fast, M. S., ve Markuzon, N., Incorporating media data into a model of infectious disease transmission. PloS one, 14(2), 2019.

Kywe, S. M., Hoang, T. A., Lim, E. P., Zhu, F., (2012) On recommending hashtags in twitter networks. In: Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Social Informatics. SocInfo’12. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. pp 337–350. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-35386-4_25

Lazard, A., Scheinfeld, E., Bernhardt, J., Wilcox, G. and Suran, M., 2015. Detecting themes of public concern: A text mining analysis of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s Ebola live Twitter chat. American Journal of Infection Control, 43(10), pp.1109-1111.

Lee, M., Kim, H. ve Kim, O. (2015), “Why do people retweet a Tweet? Altruistic, egoistic, and reciprocity motivations for retweeting”, Psychologia, 58 No. 4, pp. 189-201.

Luceri, L., Deb, A., Giordano, S., ve Ferrara, E., “Evolution of bot and human behavior during elections,” First Monday, Aug. 2019, doi: 10.5210/fm. v24i9.10213.

Luceri, L., Giordano, S., ve Ferrara, E., “Detecting Troll Behavior via Inverse Reinforcement Learning: A Case Study of Russian Trolls in the 2016 US Election,” in Proceedings of the International AAAI Conference on Web and Social Media, 2020.

Matamoros-Fernández, A., (2017), Platformed racism: the mediation and circulation of an Australian race-based controversy on Twitter, Facebook and YouTube, Information, Communication & Society, 20:6, 930-946, DOI: 10.1080/1369118X.2017.1293130

McCann, A., Popovich, N., Wu, J., NY Times. 2020. Italy’s Virus Shutdown Came Too Late. What Happens Now? URL: https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2020/04/05/world/europe/italy-coronavirus-lockdown-re open.html

Mendoza, M., Poblete, B., ve Castillo, C., Twitter under crisis: Can we trust what we rt? In Proceedings of the first workshop on social media analytics, pages 71–79, 2010.

Metaxas, P., Mustafaraj, E., Wong, K., Zeng, L., O’Keefe, M., ve Finn, S., (2015), “What do retweets indicate? Results from user survey and meta-review of research”, In Ninth International AAAI Conference on Web and Social Media. Los Alamitos, CA: IEEE Press, pp. 658-661.

Morin, C., Bost, I., Mercier, A., Dozon, J. P., and Atlani-Duault, L., (2018), “Information circulation in times of Ebola: Twitter and the sexual transmission of Ebola by survivors”, PLoS Currents, Vol. 1 paper 10. doi: 10.1371/currents.outbreaks.4e35a9446b89c1b46f8308099840d48f.

Pulido, C. M., Villarejo-Carballido, B., Redondo-Sama, G., & Gómez, A., (2020). COVID-19 infodemic: More retweets for science-based information on coronavirus than for false information. International Sociology, 35(4), 377–392. https://doi.org/10.1177/0268580920914755

Rudat, A., Buder, J. ve Hesse, F. W., (2014), “Audience design in Twitter: Retweeting behavior between informational value and followers’ interests”, Computers in Human Behavior, Vol. 35 No. 1, pp. 132-139.

Saxton, G. D., Niyirora, J. N., Guo, C., Waters, R. D., (2015) #advocatingforchange: The strategic use of hashtags in social media advocacy. Adv Soc Work 16(1):154–169. https://doi.org/10.18060/17952

Schild, L., Ling, C., Blackburn, J., Stringhini, G., Zhang, Y., ve Zannettou, S., “‘Go eat a bat, Chang!’: An Early Look on the Emergence of Sinophobic Behavior on Web Communities in the Face of COVID-19,” Apr. 2020, [Online]. Available: http://arxiv.org/abs/2004.04046.

Sehl, K., Everything brands need to know about TikTok In: Hootsuite, editor; 2020. URL: https://blog.hootsuite. com/what-is-tiktok/.

Shaman, J., Karspeck, A., Yang, W., Tamerius, J., ve Lipsitch, M., Real-time influenza forecasts during the 2012– 2013 season. Nature communications, 4(1):1–10, 2013.

Shao, C., Ciampaglia, G. L., Varol, O., Yang, K.-C., Flammini, A., ve Menczer, F. “The spread of low-credibility con tent by social bots,” Nat. Commun., vol. 9, no. 1, p. 4787, Dec. 2018, doi:10.1038/s41467-018-06930-7.

Shapp, A., (2014) Variation in the use of twitter hashtags. Master’s thesis, New York University. URL: https://www.nyu.edu/projects/shapp/Shapp_QP2_Hashtags_Final.pdf

Sheldon, P., Herzfeldt E, Rauschnabel PA (2019) Culture and social media: the relationship between cultural values and hashtagging styles. Behav Inform Technol 0(0):1–13. https://doi.org/10.1080/0144929X.2019.1611923

Starbird, K., Maddock, J., Orand, M., Achterman, P., ve Mason, M. R., Rumors, false flags, and digital vigilantes: Misinformation on twitter after the 2013 boston marathon bombing. IConference 2014 Proceedings, 2014.

Stefanidis, A., Vraga, E., Lamprianidis, G., Radzikowski, J., Delamater, P. L., Jacobsen, K. H. ve Crooks, A., (2017), “Zika in Twitter: Temporal variations of locations, actors, and concepts”, JMIR Public Health and Surveil lance, Vol. 3 No. 2, e22.

Stella, M., Ferrara, E., ve De Domenico, M., “Bots increase exposure to negative and inflammatory content in online social systems,” Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., p. 201803470, Nov. 2018, doi: This paper has been peer reviewed and accepted for publication in First Monday 20 10.1073/pnas.1803470115.

Subrahmanian, S. V. et al., “The DARPA Twitter Bot Challenge,” Computer (Long. Beach. Calif)., vol. 49, no. 6, 2016, doi: 10.1109/MC.2016.183.

Sutton, J., “Health communication trolls and bots versus public health agencies’ trusted voices,” American Journal of Public Health, vol. 108, no. 10. American Public Health Association Inc., pp. 1281–1282, Oct. 01, 2018, doi: 10.2105/AJPH.2018.304661.

Taylor, J., (2020) Bat soup, dodgy cures and ‘diseasology’: The spread of coronavirus misinformation. The Guardian, 31 January. URL: www.theguardian.com/world/2020/jan/31/bat-soup-dodgy-cures-and-dise asology-the-spread-of-coronavirus-bunkum

Thelwall, M. ve Thelwall, S., (2020), “Covid-19 Tweeting in English: Gender Differences”, El Profesional de la Información, Vol. 9 No. 3, e290301.

Viboud, C., ve Vespignani, A., The future of influenza forecasts. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 116(8):2802–2804, 2019.

Vicient, C., Moreno, A., (2015) Unsupervised topic discovery in micro-blogging networks. Expert Syst Appl 42(17):6472–6485. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eswa.2015.04.014

Vijaykumar, S., Nowak, G., Himelboim, I. and Jin, Y. (2018), “Virtual Zika transmission after the first US case: who said what and how it spread on Twitter”, American Journal of Infection Control, Vol. 46 No. 5, pp. 549- 557.

Vosoughi, S., Roy, D., ve Aral, S., The spread of true and false news online. Science, 359(6380):1146–1151, 2018.

Watson, R., Corbett, J., Galletta, D. F., Ives, B., Mandviwalla, M., ve Tremblay, M. (2020). COVID-19 and IS: Challenges and opportunities for people, careers, and institutions. AMCIS 2020 proceedings.

WEF Forum, Retrieved August 12, 2020, URL: https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2020/04/10-technology-tren ds-coronavirus-COVID19-pandemic-robotics-telehealth/

Wrycza, S. ve Maślankowski, J., (2020): Social Media Users’ Opinions on Remote Work during the COVID-19 Pandemic. Thematic and Sentiment Analysis, Information Systems Management, DOI: 10.1080/10580530.2020.1820631

Wu, J., Smith, S., Khurana, M., Siemaszko, C., DeJesus-Banos B., NBC News. 2020. Stay-at-home orders across the country URL: https://www.nbcnews.com/health/health-news/here-are-stay-home-orders-ac ross-country-n1168736

Xiao, F., Noro, T., Tokuda, T., (2014) Finding news-topic oriented influential twitter users based on topic related hashtag community detection. J Web Eng 13:405–429

Yang, K. C., Torres-Lugo, C., Menczer, F., (2020) Prevalence of Low-Credibility Information on Twitter During the COVID-19 Outbreak. arXiv e-prints:2004–14484. http://arxiv.org/abs/2004.14484

Yeung, J., George, S., Kottasová, I., CNN. 2020. February 1 coronavirus news URL: https://www.cnn.com/asia/ live-news/coronavirus-outbreak-02-01-20-intl-hnk/h_afcf3a4665521aab11c721c8cc80dd03

Yurieff, K., Doctors turn to Twitter and TikTok to share coronavirus news. New York: CNN Business; 2020.

Zarocostas, John. How to fight an infodemic. The Lancet, 395(10225):676, 2020.

Zhang, Y., (2019) Language in our time: An empirical analysis of hashtags. In: The World Wide Web Conference. WWW’19. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA. pp 2378–2389. https://doi.org/10.1145/3308558.3313480

Zumla, A., Hui, D. ve Perlman, S., 2015. Middle East respiratory syndrome. The Lancet, 386(9997), pp.995-1007.

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.21645/intermedia.2020.87